| Yasuhiro Konishi | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1893 Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan |
| Died | 1983 (aged 89–90) Tokyo, Japan |
| Style | Shindo Jinen Ryu |
| Teacher(s) | Gichin Funakoshi, Choki Motobu, Kenwa Mabuni, Morihei Ueshiba, Chojun Miyagi, Chōshin Chibana |
| Rank | Sōke, Founder of Shindo Jinen Ryu |
| Notable students | Kiyoshi Yamazaki, Tokio Mao |
| Website | Japan Karate-Do Ryobu-Kai |
Yasuhiro Konishi (康弘小西 Konishi Yasuhiro, 1893 - 1983) was one of the first karateka to teach karate on mainland Japan. He was instrumental in developing modern karate, as well as a driving force in the art's acceptance in Japan. He is credited with developing the style known as Shindo Jinen Ryu (神道自然流).
Yasuhiro Konishi was born in 1893 in Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan. His martial arts training began at the age of six, in Muso Ryu Jujitsu, which was followed by kendo when he was 13, and subsequently, Takenouchi-ryū Jujitsu, a style characterized by strong punches and kicks, similar to those later employed in karate. In 1915, he entered Keio University in Tokyo where he became captain of the school’s kendo team.
Konishi's first exposure to te (the art form which would later be developed into karate) was through a university classmate named Tsuneshige Arakaki, who was from Okinawa. Konishi found te techniques to be similar to those he had learned in Jujitsu, and although Arakaki was not a master instructor, Konishi was intrigued by the system. After graduating, Konishi entered the business world, but also continued coaching Keio University’s kendo club. The life of a “salary man” was not fulfilling for him, however, and with the encouragement of his wife, Konishi quit his job in 1923, to open his own martial arts center. Naming his dojo the Ryobu-Kan ("The House of Martial Arts Excellence"), Sensei Konishi provided instruction in kendo and jujitsu.[1]
In September, 1924, Hironori Ohtsuka, and Gichin Funakoshi, respectively the future founders of the Wado-Ryu and Shotokan styles of karate, came to the Keio University kendo training hall. Approaching Konishi with a letter of introduction from one of the school’s professors, Funakoshi asked if it would be possible to use the training hall to practice Ryukyu Kempo To-Te Jutsu. An inquiry like this would have been considered a “challenge” to Sensei Konishi at the time, and it was unheard of for one martial arts school to allow an instructor from another system to teach in his dojo. Nonetheless, Konishi remembered his university friend Arakaki's kata demonstrations, and accepted Funakoshi's request in the interest of expanding his own knowledge.
Within a month of joining the Ryobu-Kan - and with Sensei Konishi's help - Funakoshi established a to-te practice club at Keio University, making it the first university karate club in Japan. Senseis Konishi, Funakoshi, and Ohtsuka were the principal instructors, and with the addition of to-te to Konishi's curriculum of kendo, jujitsu, and western boxing, modern karate-jutsu was born. (Although no names were yet applied to the emerging styles.)[2]
As the Ryobu-Kan became more established, practitioners of what they considered "pure" jujitsu occasionally challenged Sensei Funakoshi to unarmed combat with the intent of demonstrating their disdain for karate and the superiority of jujitsu. Under the traditions of budo – the Japanese martial tradition - however, the master of a school or style could not be directly challenged. Instead, a challenge was first issued to a senior student, and if the challenger was victorious, he could then challenge the master. If the challenger defeated the master, he claimed the defeated dojo's sign as a trophy - a profound humiliation for the losing school - but one never experienced by the Ryobu-Kan. Acting as Funakoshi's senior students, Konishi and Ohtsuka were victorious in all the challenges they faced.[1]
As karate gained popularity, a number of Okinawan masters began traveling to Japan, and because of Sensei Konishi's open-mindedness, many of these budoka (martial artists) visited the Ryobu-Kan to exchange techniques and teach. Among them were Kenwa Mabuni (founder of Shito-Ryu karate), Chojun Miyagi (founder of Goju-Ryu karate), and Choki Motobu, one of the most renowned fighters of his day. These three men profoundly influenced Konishi in various ways, and helped shape his own emerging style of karate.
Konishi considered Motobu in particular to be a martial arts genius, and trained with him as frequently as he could. A native of Okinawa, Motobu did not speak Japanese well, and was forced to rely on others to translate for him when he taught. A man of modest means, Motobu also had difficulty making ends meet on his visits to Japan. Konishi made every effort to assist him, however, and organized the Choki Motobu Support Society to that end, arranged seminars and training sessions for which Motobu was able to collect instruction fees, and frequently accompanied him to assist in explaining concepts and techniques.[2]
Konishi did not train with Miyagi as much or as often as he did with other karate masters, but the Goju-Ryu soke made a significant impact on his knowledge of karate by presenting him with an original manuscript, "An Outline of Karate-Do", dated March 23, 1934. This document is considered a foundational work in the realm of karate, and was only translated into English in the late 20th century.[3] Konishi trained extensively with Kenwa Mabuni, who resided at Konishi's house for ten months in 1927 and 1928, and the two men became very close friends. Mabuni was celebrated for the depth of his knowledge of kata, and Konishi later developed the kata Seiryu in collaboration with him.
In addition to training with fellow karate masters, Konishi also studied under Sensei Morihei Ueshiba, who would later found aikido, but who was teaching Daito-Ryu Aikijujitsu at the time. Konishi considered Ueshiba the best martial artist he had ever encountered, and having already studied karate for a number of years, was eager to get his thoughts on this new art. With that in mind, Konishi demonstrated Heian Nidan - a kata he had learned from Funakoshi - to Ueshiba. Ueshiba was unimpressed, however, and opined that Konishi should cease pursuing what he perceived to be ineffective techniques.
This came as a blow to Konishi, who was committed to karate but also greatly respected Ueshiba's opinions. Still believing that karate held tremendous value, Konishi felt he had the responsibility to develop it, and asked Ueshiba to allow him to continue training in karate with the intent of improving its techniques to a level that would make it acceptable to his teacher. After many months of research and experimentation, Konishi created a kata he named Tai Sabaki (“body movement”). This form was rooted in the fundamentals of karate but also incorporated principles found in Ueshiba's teachings. A notable difference from most karate kata was the fact that, although Tai Sabaki contained no complex movements, it was an unbroken chain of actions, performed without any complete stops.[4] After seeing his student demonstrate it, Sensei Ueshiba remarked, "The demonstration you did just now was satisfactory to me, and that kata is worth mastering." Konishi would later developed two more forms based on the same principles, and these three kata became known as Tai Sabaki Shodan, Tai Sabaki Nidan, and Tai Sabaki Sandan.[1]
Established in 1895, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai ("Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society") is the governing Japanese governing body for budo. It is tasked with encouraging, promoting, and standardizing all martial disciplines and systems in Japan, and in the early part of the 20th century, it not only set the standards for ranking individual martial artists, but signed all certificates of membership.
Already a member of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai because of his kendo and jujitsu training, Konishi felt strongly that karate should become part of Japanese education, and petitioned to have karate officially recognized as a martial art. However, while the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai continued to award titles in jujitsu and judo, karate was not acknowledged until 1935. With eventual recognition, however, came kyoshi ("master instructor") rankings for Konishi, Miyagi and Sannosuke Ueshima (the founder of Kushin-Ryu karate).[5][3]
The Dai Nippon Butoku Kai required that all budo have distinct names, and Konishi encouraged his contemporaries to name their individual styles. Taking the Japanese words for "hard" ("go") and "soft" ("ju"), Sensei Miyagi named his style Goju-Ryu, since it blended hard and soft techniques. Sensei Mabuni, who had studied under Okinawan to-te masters Yasutsune (Anko) Itosu and Kanryo Higashionna, named his style Shito-Ryu, combining the first kanji from each of their names. For Sensei Ohtsuka, the study of budo placed one in harmony ("wa") with the universe, and his style became known as Wado-Ryu. Sensei Ueshima rooted the name Kushin-Ryu ("Sky-Heart") in the concept of harmony between the universe and the individual. And students convinced Sensei Funakoshi to name his style Shotokan, after Shoto ("Pine Waves"), his pen name.
For himself, Sensei Konishi believed that if one lives a moral life, then one is naturally following the divine way. Extending this idea, he posited that, if training in karate in a natural way leads one to mastery of one's body, knowledge and experience are vastly increased, and the foundation for naturally living a moral life is established. For this reason, and at the recommendation of Morihei Ueshiba (the founder of Aikido and Shinto scholar Danjo Yamaguchi, Konishi named his own style Shindo Jinen Ryu Karate-Jutsu ("godly, natural style, complete empty-handed way").
In 1938, in recognition of his role as one of the pioneers of Japanese karate, and because of his efforts to advance the art, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai appointed Konishi chairman of the committee that screened all licensing applications for karate.[1]
During the 1930s, the Japanese government was largely controlled by the military, and around 1935, the commanding general of the Imperial Japanese Army approached Sensei Konishi and asked him to develop self-defense techniques for women serving in the Japanese Government Railways.[6] At the time, Konishi, Ueshiba, Mabuni and Ohtsuka were training together almost daily, and Konishi asked Mabuni to work with him on delivering what the government had requested.
Together, the two men developed a kata incorporating significant elements of their respective styles, Shindo Jinen Ryu and Shito-Ryu, as well as feedback from Sensei Ueshiba, who advised them on changes intended to more closely tailor the techniques included in the form to the needs of women, for whom it was being designed. The kata that resulted from the collaboration between these three masters - Seiryu - includes core principles from karate, aikido and jujitsu, and became part of the training regiment for female railway workers.
With Japan embroiled in World War II, the continued evolution and refinement of karate plateaued as many practitioners enlisted to fight for their country. With Japan's surrender in 1945, however, the nation's male population returned, only to encounter a prohibition on the practice of all martial arts (with the exception of sumo) that had been ordered by General Douglas MacArthur, commander of the Allied Occupation. As life slowly returned to normal, General MacArthur's ban was lifted, and Sensei Konishi worked dilligently to revive the practice of both kendo and karate.
Like Sensei Ueshiba, Konishi used budo training in his personal quest to build character while creating harmony between body, mind, and art. He believed karate and Zen are different aspects of the same thing, and expressed that conviction in a short poem[5]:
While less famous than many of his contemporaries outside of Japan, Konishi is today recognized as one of history's most significant budo masters. He was a successful businessman, teacher, and political activist, who strove to bring respectability to martial arts, and his efforts are a major reason that karate enjoys the position it does today. Sensei Konishi died in 1983.[3]